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what does it mean to say that in the 1950 the mississippi delta was the most southern place on earth

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Northwest section of the U.S. state of Mississippi

Mississippi Delta – dark-green line marks purlieus

The Mississippi Delta, also known equally the Yazoo–Mississippi Delta, or only the Delta, is the distinctive northwest section of the U.S. state of Mississippi (and portions of Arkansas and Louisiana) that lies between the Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers. The region has been called "The About Southern Identify on Earth"[1] ("Southern" in the sense of "characteristic of its region, the American South"), because of its unique racial, cultural, and economic history. Information technology is 200 miles (320 km) long and 87 miles (140 km) beyond at its widest point, encompassing about four,415,000 acres (17,870 kmtwo), or, almost vii,000 foursquare miles of alluvial floodplain.[two] Originally covered in hardwood wood across the bottomlands, information technology was adult as ane of the richest cotton-growing areas in the nation earlier the American Ceremonious War (1861–1865). The region attracted many speculators who developed land forth the riverfronts for cotton plantations; they became wealthy planters dependent on the labor of enslaved African Americans, who equanimous the vast majority of the population in these counties well earlier the Civil War, oftentimes twice the number of whites.

Every bit the riverfront areas were developed outset and railroads were slow to exist constructed, most of the bottomlands in the Delta were undeveloped, even after the Ceremonious State of war. Both blackness and white migrants flowed into Mississippi, using their labor to clear land and sell timber in order to buy country. By the end of the 19th century, black farmers fabricated upward two-thirds of the independent farmers in the Mississippi Delta.[3]

In 1890, the white-dominated state legislature passed a new state constitution effectively disenfranchising most blacks in the country. In the next three decades, nigh blacks lost their lands due to tight credit and political oppression.[iii] African Americans had to resort to sharecropping and tenant farming to survive. Their political exclusion was maintained by the whites until after the gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.[ commendation needed ]

The majority of residents in several counties in the region are still blackness, although more than 400,000 African Americans left the state during the Not bad Migration in the first half of the 20th century, moving to Northeastern, Midwestern, and Western industrial cities.[ citation needed ]

Every bit the agricultural economy does non support many jobs or businesses, the region has attempted to diversify. Lumbering is important and new crops such as soybeans accept been cultivated in the area by the largest industrial farmers.

At times, the region has suffered heavy flooding from the Mississippi River, notably in 1927 and 2011.

Geography [edit]

The shared flood plain of the Yazoo and Mississippi rivers

Despite the proper noun, this region is not the delta of the Mississippi River. The shifting river delta at the oral fissure of the Mississippi on the Gulf Coast lies some 300 miles s of this area, and is referred to as the Mississippi River Delta. Rather, the Mississippi Delta is part of an alluvial evidently, created by regular flooding of the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers over thousands of years.

The land is flat and contains some of the most fertile soil in the globe. It is two hundred miles long and seventy miles across at its widest betoken, encompassing approximately 4,415,000 acres, or, some 7,000 square miles of alluvial floodplain. On the east, it is bounded by bluffs extending across the Yazoo River.[2]

The Delta includes all or function of the following counties: Washington, Western DeSoto, Humphreys, Carroll, Issaquena, Western Panola, Quitman, Bolivar, Coahoma, Leflore, Sunflower, Sharkey, Tate, Tunica, Tallahatchie, Western Holmes, Western Yazoo, Western Grenada, and Warren. Lexington, Mississippi (located in Holmes Canton) is also role of the Delta.

Demographics [edit]

In the 21st century, about 1-third of Mississippi's African American population resides in the Delta, which has many black-majority state legislative districts.[4] Much of the Delta is included in Mississippi's second congressional district, represented by Democrat Bennie Thompson.

Chinese began settling in Bolivar Canton and other Delta counties every bit plantation workers in the 1870s, though about Delta Chinese families migrated to the state between the 1900s and 1930s. Almost Chinese immigrants worked to leave the fields, becoming merchants in the small rural towns. As these take declined, along with other Delta residents ethnic Chinese have moved to cities or other states.[five] Their descendants represent most of the ethnic Asian residents of the Delta recorded in censuses. While many Chinese take left the Delta, their population has increased in the country.[6] [7] [ page needed ] [viii] [ page needed ] [9] [ page needed ]

Agronomics and the Delta economic system [edit]

Plantations [edit]

For more ii centuries, agriculture has been the mainstay of the Delta economy. Sugar cane and rice were introduced to the region by European settlers from the Caribbean in the 18th century. Saccharide and rice production were centered in southern Louisiana, and subsequently in the Arkansas Delta.[x]

Early agronomics likewise included express tobacco product in the Natchez expanse and indigo in the lower Mississippi. French yeomen settlers, supported by extensive families, had begun the back-breaking process of clearing the country to establish farms. European settlers in the region attempted to enslave local Native Americans for labor, though this proved unsuccessful every bit they frequently escaped. Past the 18th century, the settlers had switched to importing enslaved Africans instead as a source of labor. In the early on years of European colonization, enslaved African laborers brought critical knowledge and techniques for the cultivation and processing of both rice and indigo. Hundreds of thousands of Africans were captured, sold and transported as slaves from W Africa to Northward America.[eleven]

The invention of the cotton fiber gin in the belatedly 18th century fabricated profitable the cultivation of short-staple cotton fiber. This type could not be grown in the upland areas of the South, leading to the rapid development of Rex Cotton throughout what became known as the Deep South. The need for labor drove the domestic slave trade, and more than one 1000000 African American slaves were forced by sales into the South, taken in a forced migration from families in the Upper Southward. Later continued European-American settlement in the area, Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 extinguished Native American claims to these lands.

The Five Civilized Tribes and others were mostly removed west of the Mississippi River, and European-American settlement expanded at a rapid rate in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. In the areas of greatest cotton tillage, whites were far outnumbered by their slaves.

Many slaves were transported to Delta towns by riverboat from slave markets in New Orleans, which became the fourth largest metropolis in the state past 1840. Other slaves were transported downriver from slave markets at Memphis and Louisville. Nevertheless others were transported by sea in the coastwise slave trade. By this fourth dimension, slavery had long been established every bit a racial degree. African Americans for generations worked the commodity plantations, which they made extremely profitable. In the opinion of Jefferson Davis, typical of that of Mississippian whites of his day and beyond, Africans being held in slavery reflected the will of Providence, as it led to their Christianizing and to the improvement of their condition, compared to what it would have been had they remained in Africa.[12] According to Davis, the Africans "increased from a few unprofitable savages to millions of efficient Christian laborers."[xiii]

By the early 19th century, cotton had become the Delta'south premier crop, for which in that location was high international need. Mills in New England and New York also demanded cotton wool for their industry, and New York City was closely tied to the cotton trade. Many southern planters traveled so frequently at that place for business that they had favorite hotels. From 1822 cotton-related exports comprised one-half of all exports from the port of New York City.[14] In 1861 Democratic mayor Fernando Wood called for secession of New York City because of its close business ties to the South.[15] Somewhen the city joined the state in supporting the state of war, but immigrants resented having to fight when the wealthy could buy their style out of military service.[15]

Comparing cotton'southward preeminence so to that of oil today, Historian Sven Beckert called the Delta "a kind of Saudi Arabia of the early on nineteenth century."[16]

Demand for cotton wool remained loftier until well afterward the American Civil War, even in an era of falling cotton prices. Though cotton planters believed that the alluvial soils of the region would always renew, the agricultural boom from the 1830s to the late 1850s caused extensive soil exhaustion and erosion. Lacking agricultural cognition, planters continued to heighten cotton the same fashion after the Civil State of war.

Plantations earlier the war were more often than not developed on ridges near the rivers, which were used for transportation of products to market. Virtually of the territory of Mississippi was still considered wilderness, needing substantial new population. These areas were covered in a heavy dense growth of trees, bushes and vines.[three]

Post-obit the Civil War, 90 pct of the bottomlands in Mississippi were still undeveloped. The state attracted thousands of migrants to its frontier.[three] They could trade their labor in clearing the land to eventually purchase it from their auction of lumber. Tens of thousands of new settlers, both black and white, were drawn to the area. By the stop of the century, two-thirds of the independent farmers in the Mississippi Delta were black. Just, the extended low price of cotton wool had acquired many to become securely into debt, and gradually they had to sell off their lands, as they had a harder fourth dimension getting credit than did white farmers. From 1910 to 1920, the start and second generations of African Americans later slavery lost their stake in the state. They had to resort to sharecropping and tenant farming to survive.[3]

Sharecropping and tenant farming replaced the slave-dependent plantation system. African American families retained some autonomy, rather than working on gangs of laborers. As many were illiterate, they were often taken advantage of past the planters' accounting. The number of lynchings of black men rose in the region at the time of settling accounts, and researchers take as well found a correlation of lynchings to years that were poor economically for the region.

The sharecropping and tenant organization, with each family making its own decisions, inhibited the apply of progressive agronomical techniques in the region. In the belatedly 19th century, the clearing and drainage of wetlands, specially in Arkansas and the Missouri Bootheel, increased lands bachelor for tenant farming and sharecropping.

Planters needed workers and recruited Italians and Chinese workers in the 19th century to satisfy demand. They rapidly moved out of field labor, saving coin as communities in gild to establish themselves as merchants, often in the small-scale rural towns.

Mechanization and migration [edit]

During the 1920s and 1930s, in the aftermath of the increasing mechanization of Delta farms that reduced the need for labor, displaced whites and African Americans began to get out the land and motion to towns and cities. Tens of thousands of blackness laborers left the Jim Crow south for better opportunities in the Northeast and Midwest in the Great Migration, settling in cities such as St. Louis, Chicago, Cleveland, and New York Metropolis. It was not until the Peachy Depression years of the 1930s and later that big-scale farm mechanization came to the region. The mechanization of agriculture and the availability of domestic work exterior the Delta spurred the migration of Delta residents from the region. Farming was unable to absorb the available labor forcefulness, and entire families moved together, many going n on the railroad to Chicago. People from the same towns often settled near each other.

The view that mechanization sparked the Great Migration — both Black and white — has been challenged past 2 of the most prominent recent chroniclers of the consequence. Isabel Wilkerson characterizes the migration equally a flight for freedom from the political terror of lynchings and the hardening of Jim Crow restrictions on Blackness freedom: "They did what homo beings looking for freedom, throughout history, take often done. They left."[17] Nicholas Lemann notes the onset of the Keen Migration coincided with the passage of immigration restrictions that throttled the supply of immigrants who had been willing to accept the worst of the jobs of the industrial North, which was relatively gratuitous of the suffocating breadth of Jim Crow. Further, Lemann wrote, "… information technology was undeniable that the economic opportunity [in the Due north] was vastly greater; that moment in the black rural South was one of the few in American history when nigh every member of a large class of people was guaranteed an immediate quadrupling of income, at least, past simply relocating to a place that was merely a long day'southward journey away." In this view, Southern Blacks were the agents of the Great Migration and not passive objects. Instead, they actively fled oppression and sought liberty, especially in the years between Earth State of war I and Earth War II. A slow mechanization of Delta agriculture during the start phase of the Dandy Migration was the effect of the migration of a workforce, non its crusade. It was not until the mid 1940s that the doctrine of white supremacy demanded that Blacks be displaced. Past that time, Lemann writes, Delta whites feared socio-political changes that might be forced on the Delta by the Roosevelt Democratic coalition and the force per unit area of returning WWII veterans; the Delta was iii-quarters Black, so their voting potential was huge. As Delta native Aaron Henry, who was born in 1922, put it, "They wished we'd go dorsum to Africa, but Chicago was close plenty."[eighteen]

From the late 1930s through the 1950s, the Delta enjoyed an agriculture nail, as wartime needs followed by reconstruction in Europe and Japan expanded the need for the Delta region's farm products. As the mechanization of agriculture continued, women left fieldwork and went into service work, while the men collection tractors and worked on the farms. From the 1960s through the 1990s, thousands of small farms and dwellings in the Delta region were captivated by large corporate-owned agribusinesses, and the smallest Delta communities have stagnated.[xix] One visitor that served the agricultural industry in the region was an aerial ingather dusting service that eventually became Delta Air Lines, which is currently a major U.S. based passenger air carrier, with Delta thus taking its name from area.[20]

Since the tardily 20th century, lower Delta agronomics has increasingly been dominated past families and nonresident corporate entities that hold large landholdings. Their operations are heavily mechanized with low labor costs. Such subcontract entities are uppercase-intensive, where hundreds and thousands of acres are used to produce market-driven crops such as cotton fiber, saccharide, rice, and soybeans.[xix]

Diversification [edit]

Remnants of the region's agrarian heritage are scattered forth the highways and byways of the lower Delta. Larger communities have survived by fostering economical development in educational activity, authorities, and medicine. Other endeavors such every bit catfish, poultry, rice, corn, and soybean farming take assumed greater importance. Today, the budgetary value of these crops rivals that of cotton production in the lower Delta. Shifts away from the river every bit a main transportation and trading route to railroads and, more significantly, highways, have left the river cities struggling for new roles and businesses.

Due to the growth of the car industry in the South, many parts suppliers take opened facilities in the Delta (also as on the Arkansas Delta side of the Mississippi River, another area of high poverty). The 1990s land legalization of casino gambling in Mississippi has boosted the Delta's economy, peculiarly in the areas of Tunica and Vicksburg.

A large cultural influence in the region is its history of hunting and line-fishing. Hunting in the Delta is primarily for game such as whitetail deer, wild turkey, and waterfowl, along with many small game species (squirrel, rabbit, dove, quail, raccoon, etc.) For many years, the hunting and fishing take as well attracted visitors in the regional tourism economy. The Delta is ane of the top waterfowl destinations in the earth because information technology is in the middle of the Mississippi Flyway (the largest of all the migratory bird routes in America).

Political environment [edit]

Dixiecrats had used fraud, violence and intimidation to regain control of the state legislature in the late 19th century. Paramilitary groups such as the Carmine Shirts in Mississippi were active against Republicans and blacks to suppress their voting for state candidates. But many blacks connected to be elected to local offices, and in that location was a biracial coalition between Republicans and Populists that briefly gained country power in the late 1880s.

To forestall this from happening over again, in 1890 the Mississippi country legislature passed a new constitution which finer disenfranchised well-nigh blacks by use of such devices every bit poll taxes, literacy tests and grandfather clauses, which withstood courtroom challenges. If i method was overturned by the courts, the state would come up with some other to proceed exclusion of blacks from the political arrangement. Unable to vote, they could non participate on juries. The land passed legislation to impose racial segregation and other aspects of Jim Crow.

This system of white supremacy was maintained with violence and economic boycotts into the years of increasing activism for ceremonious rights, every bit blacks worked to regain their ramble rights every bit citizens. The Delta counties were sites of fierce and vehement white resistance to change, with blacks murdered for trying to register to vote or to apply public facilities. African Americans were non able to practise their constitutional rights again until well after their successes in the Civil Rights Movement and gaining passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Culture [edit]

Music [edit]

The Delta is strongly associated as the place where several genres of popular music originated, including Delta blues and rock and coil. The generally black sharecroppers and tenant farmers had lives marked by poverty and hardship just they expressed their struggles in music that became the beat out, rhythm and songs of cities and a nation.[21] [22] [23]

Gussow (2010) examines the disharmonize between blues musicians and black ministers in the region between 1920 and 1942. The ministers condemned blues music as "devil'southward music". In response, some dejection musicians satirized preachers in their music, every bit for case in the song, "He Calls That Religion", by the dejection group Mississippi Sheiks. The lyrics accused black ministers of engaging in and fomenting sinful beliefs. The black residents were poor, and the musicians and ministers competed for their money. The Neat Migration to northern cities, beginning earlier World War I, seriously depleted blackness communities and churches, but the musicians sparked off each other in the industrial cities, with blues in Chicago and St. Louis.

Festivals [edit]

Following is a list of diverse festivals in the Delta:

Encompassed towns [edit]

  • Anguilla
  • Belzoni
  • Charleston
  • Clarksdale
  • Cleveland
  • Drew
  • Greenville
  • Greenwood
  • Gunnison
  • Holcomb
  • Indianola
  • Itta Bena
  • Leland
  • Marks
  • Mound Bayou
  • Rolling Fork
  • Rosedale
  • Ruleville
  • Shelby
  • Tunica
  • Vicksburg
  • Yazoo Metropolis
  • Shaw
  • Winterville

Government and infrastructure [edit]

The Mississippi Section of Corrections operates the Mississippi State Penitentiary (Parchman, MSP) in unincorporated Sunflower County,[26] [27] within the Mississippi Delta. John Buntin of Governing magazine said that MSP "has long bandage its shadow over the Mississippi Delta, including my hometown of Greenville, Mississippi".[28]

Educational activity [edit]

Universities [edit]

  • Delta State Academy
  • Mississippi Valley State University[4]

[edit]

  • Coahoma Community College
  • Mississippi Delta Customs College

Primary and secondary schools [edit]

Every bit of 2005, the majority of students in public schools in the Mississippi Delta are black, and the majority of private school students are white. This de facto racial segregation is related in part to economics, as few African American parents in the poor region can pay to send their children to private schools. Suzanne Eckes of The Journal of Negro Didactics wrote, "Although de facto segregation in schools exists throughout the country, the de facto segregation that exists in the Mississippi Delta region is somewhat unique."[29]

During the years of segregation, public school systems did non know how to classify the minority Chinese students, initially requiring them to attend schools with blacks. Their socioeconomic status affected their classification and, equally their parents became merchants and filed legal suits, in some areas they gained archway for their children to white schools, before the schools were integrated beginning in the tardily 1960s.[5]

Media and publishing [edit]

The Northern Delta is also served past The Commercial Entreatment and The Daily News newspapers based in Memphis, Tennessee, plus several radio and Idiot box stations as well based there.

The Clarion-Ledger, based in Jackson, covers events in the Delta.

Transportation [edit]

US 49 runs through the Mississippi Delta.

Air transportation

  • Tunica Municipal Airport (Tunica)[30]
  • Mid Delta Regional Drome (Greenville)
  • Greenwood-Leflore Airport (Greenwood)
  • Cleveland Municipal Airport (Cleveland)
  • Indianola Municipal Drome (Indianola)
  • Yazoo Canton Airport (Yazoo Metropolis)
  • Fletcher Field Airport (Clarksdale)
  • Ruleville-Drew Aerodrome (Drew and Ruleville)

Highways

  • U.S. Route 82 runs from Alamogordo, New United mexican states to Brunswick, Georgia
  • U.S. Route 278 runs from Wickes, Arkansas to Hilton Head Island, South Carolina
  • U.S. Road 49 runs from Piggott, Arkansas to Gulfport, Mississippi
  • U.S. Road 61 runs from Wyoming, Minnesota to New Orleans, Louisiana

Passenger rail

  • Amtrak'southward City of New Orleans road serves three Delta cities, Yazoo City, Greenwood, and Marks.

See also [edit]

  • Delta Regional Authority
  • Far East Deep South
  • Finding Cleveland
  • History of Mississippi
  • Joseph S. Clark'south and Robert F. Kennedy's tour of the Mississippi Delta
  • Mississippi Alluvial Plain
  • Undiscovered Genius of the Mississippi Delta

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ James C. Cobb, The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity (1992)
  2. ^ a b Mikko (October 29, 2017). "Bioregional Arroyo to Southern HistorySaikku". Southern Spaces. 2010. doi:10.18737/M7QK5T. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d due east John C. Willis, Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta afterward the Civil State of war, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2000
  4. ^ a b "Location Archived three June 2012 at the Wayback Machine". Mississippi Valley Country University. Retrieved on April 5, 2012.
  5. ^ a b Vivian Wu Wong, "Somewhere between White and Blackness: The Chinese in Mississippi", Mag of History, v10, n4, pp33–36, Summertime 1996, accessed Oct 1, 2013
  6. ^ Thornell, John G. (2008). "A Culture in Turn down: The Mississippi Delta Chinese". Southeast Review of Asian Studies. thirty: 196–202.
  7. ^ Loewen, James West. 1971. The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White, Cambridge: Harvard University Printing
  8. ^ Quan, Robert Seto. 1982. Lotus Amongst the Magnolias: The Mississippi Chinese, Jackson: University Printing of Mississippi
  9. ^ Jung, John. 2011. Chopsticks in the Country of Cotton: Lives of Mississippi Delta Chinese Grocers., Yin & Yang Press.
  10. ^ Libby, David J. Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835 (2004) online edition
  11. ^ Libby, David J. Slavery and Borderland Mississippi, 1720–1835 (2004) online edition
  12. ^ Davis, Rise and Fall of the Confederate Regime (1881), pp. 517-518
  13. ^ Davis (1881), Ascent and Fall of the Confederate Government, pp. 160-161.
  14. ^ "King Cotton: Dramatic Growth of the Cotton Trade" Archived March xxx, 2013, at the Wayback Car, New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War, New-York Historical Society, accessed May 12, 2012
  15. ^ a b Roberts, Sam (December 26, 2010). "New York Doesn't Intendance to Call back the Civil War", The New York Times, accessed x March 2014
  16. ^ Beckert, Sven (2014). Empire of Cotton: a Global History. New York: Knopf.
  17. ^ Wilkerson, Isabel (2010). The Warmth of Other Suns : The Ballsy Story of America's Corking Migration (Starting time ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. eight–15. ISBN978-0-679-44432-9. OCLC 477270924.
  18. ^ Lemann, Nicholas (1991). The Promised Land: The Keen Blackness Migration and How Information technology Changed America (1st ed.). New York: A.A. Knopf. pp. xl–48. ISBN0-394-56004-3. OCLC 22240548.
  19. ^ a b Justin Gardner and Tom Nolan, "An Agronomical Economist's Perspective on the Mississippi Delta", Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies, August 2009, Vol. twoscore Issue 2, pp lxxx–89
  20. ^ https://www.deltamuseum.org/almost-us/blog/from-the-hangars/2013/12/10/delta-stories-how-delta-became-delta
  21. ^ "Vintage / Anchor « Knopf Doubleday - Vintage / Anchor". RandomHouse.com. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  22. ^ "Mississippi Delta'due south Economy, Style of Life Fading". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  23. ^ "Preface". Usccr.gov. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  24. ^ http://www.lowerdelta.org/FESTIVAL%20PAGE.htm Archived February 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ "借金問題ナビゲーター｜自己破産しか方法はないのか？ – 借金問題の悩みを解決する方法". www.EAJJ.org. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved Oct 29, 2017.
  26. ^ "State Prisons Archived December six, 2002, at the Wayback Machine". Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on January 14, 2011.
  27. ^ "MDOC QUICK REFERENCE Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Auto". Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on May 21, 2010.
  28. ^ Buntin, John. "Downwardly on Parchman Farm Archived April ii, 2015, at the Wayback Machine". Governing Magazine. July 27, 2010. Retrieved on August 13, 2010.
  29. ^ Eckes, p. 159.
  30. ^ "Tunica Airport". www.TunicaAirport.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2017.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Brandenfon, Robert L. Cotton fiber Kingdom of the New South: A History of the Yazoo Mississippi Delta from Reconstruction to the Twentieth Century.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.
  • Cobb, Charles East. Jr., "Traveling the Blues Highway", National Geographic Magazine, v. 195, no. iv (April 1999).
  • Cobb, James C. The Almost Southern Place on Globe: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity. New York: Oxford Academy Press, 1992.
  • Cosby, A.G. et al. A Social and Economical Portrait of the Mississippi Delta (1992) online (Alternate, Archive)
  • Currie, James T. Enclave: Vicksburg and Her Plantations, 1863-1870. 1980.
  • Dollard, John. Caste and Class in a Southern Boondocks. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1937.
  • Eckes, Suzanne E. "The Perceived Barriers to Integration in the Mississippi Delta," Journal of Negro Teaching, vol. 74, no. 2 (Spring 2005), pp. 159–173. in JSTOR
  • Ferris, William. Requite My Poor Heart Ease: Voices of the Mississippi Blues. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Ferris, William and Glenn Hinson. The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Book 14: Folklife Chapel Hill, NC: University of Northward Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Ferris, William; Blues From The Delta. Revised edition. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1988.
  • Gioia, Ted. Delta Blues: The Life and Times of the Mississippi Masters Who Revolutionized American Music. New York: W.Due west. Norton & Company, 2009.
  • Gardner, Justin, and Nolan, Tom. "An Agricultural Economist's Perspective on the Mississippi Delta," Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies, vol. 40, no. ii (2009), 40#2 pp 80–89
  • Giggie, John Thousand. After redemption: Jim Crow and the transformation of African American religion in the Delta, 1875-1915 (2007). [DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304039.001.0001 online]
  • Greene, Alison Collis. No Depression in Heaven: The Groovy Low, the New Deal, and the Transformation of Organized religion in the Delta. New York: Oxford University Printing, 2015.
  • Gussow, Adam. "Sky and Hell Parties: Ministers, Bluesmen, and Black Youth in the Mississippi Delta, 1920–1942," Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies,vol. 41, no. 3 (December. 2010), pp. 186–203.
  • Hamlin, Francoise N. Crossroads at Clarksdale: The Black Liberty Struggle in the Mississippi Delta After World War II. Chapel Hill, NC: University of Due north Carolina Press, 2012.
  • Harris, Sheldon. Dejection Who's Who. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1979.
  • Helferich, Gerry. High Cotton: Four Seasons in the Mississippi Delta. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2007.
  • McCoyer, Michael. "'Rough Men in "the Toughest Places I Ever Seen': The Structure and Ramifications of Black Masculine Identity in the Mississippi Delta's Levee Camps, 1900-1935," International Labor and Working-Form History, Consequence 69 (Spring 2006), pp. 57–80.
  • Morris, Christopher. Condign Southern: The Development of a Fashion of Life, Warren County and Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1770–1860. New York: Oxford Academy Press, 1995.
  • Nelson, Lawrence J. "Welfare Capitalism on a Mississippi Plantation in the Peachy Depression," Journal of Southern History, vol. 50 (May 1984), pp. 225–250. in JSTOR
  • Nicholson, Robert. Mississippi Blues Today. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1999.
  • Null, Elisabeth Higgins. "L Years After Brown: The Fight for Equality in Mississippi's Delta Schools Continues," Rural Roots. Rural School and Community Trust, February. 2004.
  • Owens, Harry P. Steamboats and the Cotton Economic system: River Trade in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta. 1990.
  • Palmer, Robert. Deep Blues: A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta. New York: Viking Press, 1981.
  • Percy, William Alexander. Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941.
  • Powdermaker, Hortense. After Liberty: A Cultural Study in the Deep Due south. New York: Viking Printing, 1939.
  • Ramsey, Frederic. Been Here And Gone. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1960.
  • Rubin, Richard. Confederacy of Silence: A True Tale of the New Old South. New York: Atria/Simon & Schuster, 2002.
  • Saikku, Mikko. This Delta, This Land: An Environmental History of the Yazoo-Mississippi Floodplain. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2005.
  • Saikku, Mikko. "Bioregional Arroyo to Southern History: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta", Southern Spaces, Jan. 28, 2010.
  • Scott Matthews, "Flatlands in the Outlands: Photographs from the Delta and Bayou," Southern Spaces, Dec. 12, 2011.
  • Willis, John C. Forgotten Fourth dimension: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta Later the Civil State of war (2000)
  • Woodruff, Nan Elizabeth. American Congo: The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta. 2003.
  • Wilson, Charles Reagan. "Mississippi Delta", Southern Spaces, iv April 2004. http://southernspaces.org/2004/mississippi-delta
  • Charles Reagan Wilson, William Ferris, Ann J. Adadie; Encyclopedia of Southern Civilization. Second edition. Chapel Hill, NC: University of N Carolina Press, 1989.

Coordinates: 33°48′North xc°24′West  /  33.eight°Due north ninety.4°W  / 33.8; -xc.4

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Delta

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